Tag Archive for: LCOS

The cost of storing energy is one of the most important metrics when evaluating a battery energy storage project. Utilities, developers, and investors rely on this calculation to determine whether a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is economically viable.

The cost of storing energy cannot be determined by battery price alone. A complete calculation must include system investment, electricity used for charging, operational costs, efficiency losses, and the total energy delivered during the system lifetime.

In large renewable energy projects, this metric is commonly measured using the Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS).

Understanding how this calculation works helps project developers compare storage technologies and optimize system design.

What Is the Cost of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)?

The cost of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) refers to the total investment required to install and operate a battery system capable of storing and delivering electricity.

A complete BESS includes several major components:

• Battery cells and modules
• Battery racks and containers
• Power conversion system (PCS)
• Thermal management systems
• Electrical infrastructure
• Monitoring and control systems

For large utility-scale projects, the installed cost of a BESS typically ranges between $300 and $600 per kWh of storage capacity.

Typical BESS Cost Breakdown

This breakdown shows that battery cells dominate the overall economics of energy storage projects.

Quick Summary

The cost of storing energy measures the total lifetime cost required for a battery system to store and deliver electricity.

This value is commonly calculated using Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS).

Major cost factors include:

• Battery system capital cost
• Operating and maintenance expenses
• Electricity used for charging
• Battery degradation and replacement
• Total lifetime energy delivered

The simplified LCOS equation is:

LCOS = \frac{Total\ Lifetime\ Costs}{Total\ Lifetime\ Energy\ Delivered}

Lower LCOS values indicate more efficient and economically competitive energy storage systems.

Why the Cost of Storing Energy Matters

Battery storage projects require significant upfront investment. Therefore, evaluating lifetime economics is essential before building a system.

Calculating the cost of storing energy helps developers:

• compare battery technologies
• optimize project design
• evaluate long-term profitability
• estimate electricity arbitrage revenue
• forecast operational costs

For example, a battery system with lower upfront cost may become more expensive if it degrades faster or has lower efficiency.

For a financial perspective on project returns, see:

https://sunlithenergy.com/economics-of-bess-calculate-roi/

Key Components of Energy Storage Cost

Several technical and financial factors influence the cost of storing energy.

1. Capital Expenditure (CAPEX)

CAPEX represents the initial investment required to build the storage system.

Typical components include:

• battery cells and modules
• battery racks and containers
• battery management system (BMS)
• power conversion system (PCS)
• cooling and thermal management
• transformers and electrical equipment
• installation and engineering

In most utility-scale projects, battery cells represent more than half of total system cost.

Global battery cost trends are tracked by the International Energy Agency:

https://www.iea.org/reports/batteries-and-secure-energy-transitions

2. Operating Expenses (OPEX)

Operating costs occur throughout the project lifetime.

Typical OPEX includes:

• system monitoring
• preventive maintenance
• cooling electricity consumption
• insurance and site maintenance

Although smaller than CAPEX, these costs still affect the final cost of storing energy.

3. Charging Electricity Cost

Energy storage systems must purchase electricity before they can discharge power.

Charging cost depends on:

• electricity market price
• time-of-use tariffs
• renewable energy availability

Charging electricity can represent 20–40% of total project costs over the system lifetime.

4. Battery Degradation and Replacement

Battery performance declines due to cycling and calendar aging.

Typical lithium battery performance includes:

• 6,000–10,000 cycles
• 10–15 year lifetime
• 80% end-of-life capacity

Once capacity drops below this threshold, partial battery replacement may be required.

More information about battery cycling standards:

https://sunlithenergy.com/battery-cycle-standards-explained/

Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS)

The most widely used metric for evaluating storage economics is Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS).

LCOS measures the average lifetime cost per unit of electricity delivered by a battery storage system.

LCOS = \frac{Total\ Lifetime\ System\ Cost}{Total\ Lifetime\ Energy\ Delivered}

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory provides a widely used methodology for LCOS calculations:

https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/73222.pdf

Example Utility-Scale BESS Calculation

Example project:

System capacity: 100 MWh
Lifetime: 15 years
Cycles per year: 300
Efficiency: 90%

Step 1 — Calculate Lifetime Energy Delivered

100 × 300 × 15 = 450,000 MWh

Accounting for efficiency:

450,000 × 0.90 = 405,000 MWh

Step 2 — Estimate Total Lifetime Cost

Example cost structure:

CAPEX = $40 million
OPEX = $6 million
Charging electricity = $12 million

Total lifetime cost:

$58 million

Step 3 — Calculate Cost of Storing Energy

58,000,000 ÷ 405,000 = $143 per MWh

= $0.143 per kWh

Battery Storage Cost per kWh

The battery storage cost per kWh represents the average cost required to store and deliver one kilowatt-hour of electricity.

Typical ranges include:

These values represent the levelized cost of storage rather than the battery hardware price.

Battery Storage Cost Calculator (Example)

A simplified method to estimate the cost of storing energy is:

Cost per kWh = Total Lifetime Cost ÷ Total Lifetime Energy Delivered

Example inputs:

Result:

$0.143 per kWh

LCOS vs Battery Cost per kWh

Many readers assume battery price equals the cost of storing energy. However, these values measure different things.

LCOS provides a more accurate estimate of real project economics.

Factors That Influence Storage Cost

Several technical factors affect the cost of storing energy.

Depth of Discharge

Higher depth of discharge increases usable capacity but may reduce cycle life.

Round-Trip Efficiency

Lithium battery systems typically achieve 88–92% efficiency.

Learn more here:

https://sunlithenergy.com/bess-round-trip-efficiency-rte/

Cycling Strategy

Energy storage systems may cycle daily for arbitrage or multiple times per day for grid services.

Peak shaving and load shifting strategies can improve storage economics:

https://sunlithenergy.com/peak-shaving-vs-load-shifting/

Real-World BESS Project Scale

Utility-scale battery storage projects commonly include:

• 50 MW / 200 MWh
• 100 MW / 400 MWh
• 200 MW / 800 MWh

These systems support:

• renewable integration
• peak demand reduction
• frequency regulation
• electricity arbitrage

Understanding the cost of storing energy allows developers to design more profitable energy storage projects.

Related Energy Storage Guides

If you want to understand battery storage economics and system design in more detail, the following technical guides explain key concepts used in modern energy storage projects.

Understanding Battery Energy Storage System Architecture

Learn how a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is designed, including battery racks, power conversion systems (PCS), energy management systems, and grid integration. This guide explains the core components of modern containerized energy storage systems.
https://sunlithenergy.com/understanding-energy-storage-system-bess-architectures/

BESS Round-Trip Efficiency Explained

Round-trip efficiency directly impacts the cost of storing energy. This article explains how charging losses, inverter efficiency, and battery chemistry affect the overall performance of a battery energy storage system.
https://sunlithenergy.com/bess-round-trip-efficiency-rte/

Peak Shaving vs Load Shifting in Battery Storage Systems

Battery storage systems are widely used to reduce electricity costs through peak shaving and load shifting strategies. Learn how these energy management techniques improve grid stability and reduce demand charges.
https://sunlithenergy.com/peak-shaving-vs-load-shifting/

How to Calculate Battery Energy Storage ROI

Before investing in a battery energy storage project, developers must evaluate financial returns. This guide explains how to calculate BESS return on investment (ROI) using real project cost and revenue models.
https://sunlithenergy.com/economics-of-bess-calculate-roi/

Conclusion

The cost of storing energy is a key metric for evaluating battery energy storage projects.

Using Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) allows developers to compare technologies, optimize system design, and estimate long-term project economics.

Key variables influencing storage cost include:

• battery capital cost
• electricity charging price
• system efficiency
• cycle life and degradation
• total energy delivered over the system lifetime

As battery technology continues to improve and manufacturing scales globally, the cost of storing energy will continue to decline, accelerating renewable energy adoption worldwide.

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