Types of BESS by Application: A Complete Guide
You’ll find battery energy storage systems, or BESS, in settings ranging from portable power and rooftop solar homes to factories, construction sites, and grid-scale renewable projects. These systems all store and deliver electricity, but the types of BESS available differ substantially in size, packaging, controls, safety design, and grid connection.
First, matching the right type of BESS to your project starts with knowing what each one is built for.
| Quick Answer The five common types of BESS by application are portable, residential, C&I, mobile, and utility-scale. They range from compact systems storing watt-hours or a few kilowatt-hours to grid-connected projects storing hundreds of megawatt-hours. |
BESS can also be classified by battery chemistry, system configuration, duration, or grid position. This guide focuses specifically on types of BESS by application — where the system is used and what it is designed to do.
Why There Are Different Types of BESS
Most rechargeable BESS combine batteries with monitoring and protection, power electronics, and thermal-control or enclosure features. But the exact architecture varies by size and application.
A portable power station often integrates these functions into one product. C&I and utility-scale projects, on the other hand, typically use dedicated subsystems instead: battery racks, a battery management system (BMS), a power conversion system (PCS), HVAC, fire protection, transformers, switchgear, and site controls.
An energy management system (EMS) is a separate, functional layer, not something that simply switches on above a size threshold. It coordinates charging and discharging according to site objectives, such as solar self-consumption, tariff optimization, backup reserve, generator reduction, or grid-service dispatch.
Large C&I and utility-scale projects generally require a dedicated EMS or site controller. Residential and portable products, meanwhile, often provide simpler embedded control functions instead. The underlying logic is similar; it’s just running at a smaller scale.
A few factors drive which type of BESS fits a given project:
- How much power and energy the application needs, and for how long
- What the system is trying to achieve — backup power, solar self-consumption, peak shaving, demand-charge reduction, generator reduction, energy arbitrage, or grid services
- Whether the system stays in one place or moves
- How it connects to the grid, and at what voltage level
- What safety and compliance standards apply at that scale
Because of these differences, BESS spans a huge range. It ranges from a compact power station to a utility-scale installation that can occupy a large, purpose-designed site. For the full picture on how each type is built, see our complete guide to battery energy storage systems.
The 5 Types of BESS by Application
1. Portable BESS
Portable battery energy storage systems are compact, self-contained units built for power on the go. They typically range from a few hundred watt-hours to a few kilowatt-hours. Because they are small and easy to carry, they suit camping, remote work, field operations, and emergency response where power is needed without a permanent installation.
Most current portable power stations use lithium-ion cells, often lithium iron phosphate (LFP), because they offer a practical balance of energy density, cycle life, and safety characteristics. They typically combine the battery, inverter/charger, protection functions, and user controls in one enclosure rather than using a separate, dedicated PCS.
Portable units commonly include battery monitoring, protection, and temperature sensing. Unlike larger stationary systems, they generally do not require dedicated HVAC equipment or liquid-cooling loops.
They usually rely on embedded controls rather than a separate site-level EMS. Depending on the product, these controls may manage charging sources, output limits, backup behavior, or simple scheduling. The exact control and thermal design varies by product and power rating.
Learn more in our guide to portable battery energy storage systems — one of the lightest types of BESS covered in this guide.
2. Residential BESS
Home energy storage systems pair with rooftop solar to store excess daytime generation for evening use. Most residential systems run roughly 5-20 kWh. Larger systems, though, serve high-load homes, EV charging, electrified heating and cooling, or longer backup requirements.
In practice, the right size for a given household depends on its load profile, solar output, desired backup circuits, and target backup duration.
Installers commonly mount residential BESS units on a wall or floor. They connect through a hybrid inverter or a separate battery inverter, depending on the solar and electrical design, and include battery monitoring, protection, and thermal-control features built for long-term stationary operation.
Many also use energy-management logic for solar self-consumption, tariff optimization, backup reserve settings, or EV charging coordination. That’s a simpler, embedded version of the dispatch control found in larger C&I and utility-scale systems.
See our guide on what a home energy storage system is for a full breakdown of this type of BESS.
3. Commercial & Industrial (C&I) BESS
C&I battery energy storage systems serve businesses, factories, and campuses that want to cut demand charges, add backup resilience, or pair storage with on-site renewables. These systems generally range from tens of kilowatt-hours to several megawatt-hours.
Engineers often specify these systems by both power and duration — for example, 500 kW / 1 MWh or 2 MW / 4 MWh. That’s because a site’s peak load, tariff structure, backup requirement, and renewable-generation profile all shape the right configuration.
At this scale, however, design gets more involved. C&I systems typically need dedicated enclosures, active thermal management, and integration with a facility’s existing electrical infrastructure.
Depending on the site and jurisdiction, the design may include fire detection and suppression, emergency shutdown, HVAC or ventilation, electrical isolation and protection, access control, and remote monitoring.
We cover this application in depth across our C&I BESS series, starting with key components in C&I BESS — one of the most widely deployed types of BESS today.
4. Mobile BESS
Mobile battery energy storage systems are trailer-mounted or containerized units that travel to wherever power is needed. That could mean a construction site, an event venue, a disaster response zone, or temporary grid support during planned outages.
Mobile BESS is often deployed alongside temporary grid connections, renewable generation, or diesel generators. In hybrid power setups, the battery can reduce generator runtime and improve generator loading efficiency.
It can also cover short-duration peak power. This is often the real economic case for choosing a mobile unit over a standard fixed C&I system.
Because they need to move, mobile units prioritize a rugged, self-contained design. They pack the battery, BMS, PCS, and often a built-in cooling system into a single towable or shippable unit. That trades some of the customization of a fixed installation for flexibility.
Learn more in our guide to mobile BESS, a uniquely flexible type of BESS built for temporary deployments.
5. Utility-Scale BESS
Utility-scale battery energy storage systems are the largest deployment type, ranging from several megawatt-hours to hundreds of megawatt-hours. They commonly use containerized or modular outdoor enclosures, combined with separate PCS, transformer, switchgear, protection, and control equipment.
The final layout depends on project capacity, duration, climate, fire-safety design, grid interconnection, and site constraints. So while containerized designs are common, they aren’t universal.
As a result, utilities, developers, and independent power producers deploy utility-scale BESS for frequency regulation, renewable-energy shifting and firming, capacity support, peak management, energy arbitrage, and other grid services.
Because of their size, these projects typically require detailed interconnection studies, protection coordination, dedicated switchgear, and coordination with the relevant grid operator. See the U.S. Department of Energy’s overview of grid-scale energy storage for more on how these systems support the wider grid. Utility-scale projects may connect at either distribution or transmission voltage, depending on the project’s rating.
Read our complete guide to utility-scale BESS, the largest of the five types of BESS by application, for the full picture.
Comparing BESS Types by Application
| Type | Typical Energy Capacity | Mobility | Primary Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|
| Portable BESS | A few hundred Wh to a few kWh | Fully mobile, carry-anywhere | On-the-go power, camping, remote work |
| Residential BESS | 5-20 kWh (larger for high-load homes) | Fixed installation | Solar storage, evening/overnight household use |
| C&I BESS | Tens of kWh to several MWh | Fixed installation | Demand charge reduction, backup, renewable pairing |
| Mobile BESS | Tens of kWh to a few MWh | Trailer-mounted or containerized, transportable | Construction sites, events, disaster response, temporary grid support |
| Utility-Scale BESS | Several MWh to hundreds of MWh | Fixed, commonly containerized/modular | Frequency regulation, capacity firming, grid-scale renewable integration |
Energy capacity indicates how much electricity a system can store. Power rating, expressed in kW or MW, determines how quickly it can charge or discharge.
How to Choose the Right Type of BESS
Picking the right type of BESS comes down to matching the system to the application:
- Power and energy requirement — determine the kW/MW rating, the usable kWh/MWh capacity, and the required discharge duration. Their relationship matters: a 1 MW / 2 MWh system, for example, is built for about two hours of discharge at rated power, before accounting for operating limits and degradation.
- Operating objective — solar self-consumption, peak shaving, backup power, generator reduction, arbitrage, or grid services each call for different controls and designs.
- Mobility and site constraints — decide whether the system needs to be fixed, trailer-mounted, transportable, indoor, outdoor, containerized, or modular.
- Grid connection and operating mode — systems may run off-grid, behind the meter, in a microgrid, or front of meter. Larger projects may interconnect at distribution or transmission level, depending on their power rating and local grid requirements.
- Safety, permitting, and compliance — requirements vary by jurisdiction, installation location, fire strategy, electrical design, and project scale.
- Budget and delivery timeline — factor in civil works, interconnection, switchgear, installation, commissioning, and ongoing operations and maintenance, not just equipment cost.
For most first-time buyers, matching the application to one of the five categories above is the fastest way to narrow down the right BESS type. Once that’s settled, these six factors help define the exact specification.
Conclusion
The right type of BESS depends first on the application. That means how much power and energy are needed, how long the system must operate, whether it needs to move, and how it will connect to the site or grid.
In general, portable and residential systems prioritize simplicity and compact design. C&I and mobile systems, meanwhile, balance resilience, flexibility, and site economics. Utility-scale projects, by contrast, are engineered for grid integration and large-scale dispatch.
Once you’ve identified the right application category, the next step is to define the required power rating, usable capacity, duration, site conditions, safety requirements, and control strategy. For a broader technical overview, see our complete guide to battery energy storage systems.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the main types of BESS?
The main types of BESS by application are portable, residential, commercial and industrial (C&I), mobile, and utility-scale. Each one fits a different setting, from a few hundred watt-hours to hundreds of megawatt-hours.
What is the difference between a BESS and a battery?
In short, a battery is the electrochemical storage component. A BESS, however, is the complete system built around batteries, including battery monitoring and protection, power conversion, controls, thermal management, enclosure equipment, and — in larger projects — site-level safety and grid-interconnection equipment.
How are BESS systems classified besides application?
BESS can also be classified by battery chemistry, such as LFP or NMC. Other common classifications include system configuration (AC-coupled or DC-coupled), duration, mobility, and whether it operates behind the meter or front of meter. This guide classifies BESS by its end-use application.
What Size Should This Type of BESS Be for My Home?
Most residential systems run roughly 5-20 kWh. Larger systems, though, serve high-load homes, EV charging, or longer backup requirements — the right size depends on your household’s load profile, solar output, and desired backup circuits.
What’s the difference between C&I and utility-scale BESS?
C&I BESS typically ranges from tens of kilowatt-hours to several megawatt-hours, and serves a single business or facility. Utility-scale BESS is much larger, from several megawatt-hours to hundreds of megawatt-hours, and serves the broader grid instead of one site.
Which Types of BESS Can Be Moved Once Installed?
Fixed installations like residential, C&I, and utility-scale BESS generally don’t move once installed. Mobile BESS units are the exception — manufacturers build them specifically to be trailer-mounted or containerized for transport between sites.
Do all types of BESS use the same battery chemistry?
Most modern BESS across all five categories use lithium-ion batteries. Many new stationary systems use LFP chemistry because of its cycle-life and thermal-stability characteristics.
Chemistry can still affect system design, safety strategy, footprint, performance, and cost. However, this guide classifies BESS primarily by application, scale, packaging, and operating requirements.